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This week’s newsletter describes the availability of a libsecp256k1 fork implementing BIP-Schnorr compatible signatures, lists popular questions and answers for February from the Bitcoin Stack Exchange, and describes notable merges in popular Bitcoin infrastructure projects. This week’s newsletter announces the newest version of LND, briefly describes a tool for generating bitcoin ownership proofs, and links to an Optech study about the usability of Replace-by-Fee. Bitcoin Stack Exchange is one of the first places Optech contributors look for answers to their questions-or when we have a few spare moments of time to help curious or confused users. ● RBF usability study published: with only about 6% of the transactions confirmed in 2018 signaling support for BIP125 opt-in Replace-by-Fee (RBF), Optech contributor Mike Schmidt undertook an examination of almost two dozen popular Bitcoin wallets, block explorers, and other services to see how they handled either sending or receiving RBF transactions (including fee bumps).

External addresses are those you give to other people so that they can pay you; internal addresses are those you include in your own transactions for receiving change. ● Why does BIP44 have internal and external addresses? By giving the auditor the extended public key (xpub) for just the external addresses, he can track your received payments but still not receive any direct information about your spending or youtu.be current balance via the change addresses. Keys imported this way will be converted to the current wallet datastructure, but the eventual plan is for Bitcoin Core’s wallet to use descriptors internally. Authy and Google Authenticator work along the same security principles, so remember that you can use Authy anywhere where you are instructed to download and enable Google Authenticator. Whereas multisig using current Bitcoin Script requires n pubkeys and k signatures for k-of-n multisig security, MuSig can provide the same security using just one public key and one signature-reducing block chain space, improving verification efficiency, increasing privacy, and allowing much larger sets of signers than supported by Bitcoin Script’s current byte-size and signature-operation limits.

These are almost identical in use to those with Bitcoin’s current ECDSA algorithm, although signatures are serialized to use about eight fewer bytes and can be efficiently verified in batches. ● Taproot and scriptless scripts both use Schnorr, but how are they different? Adapter signatures for scriptless scripts. Onchain, these look identical to single pubkeys and signatures but the public keys and signatures are generated by a set of private keys using a multi-step protocol. Basic single pubkeys and signatures. ● MuSig for multiparty signatures. In separate answers, Gregory Maxwell and Andrew Chow each describe the differences between these two proposed uses of Schnorr-based signatures. The tool is written in the Rust programming language and uses the increasingly popular BIP174 Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction (PSBT) format for interoperability with Bitcoin Core and other Bitcoin tools. If you first heard about the transaction from a peer that connected to you (an inbound peer), you’ll wait two seconds before requesting the transaction to give an outbound peer a chance to tell you about it first. This effect will impact future growth in two ways. For example, that value could be another signature that will allow Bob himself to claim a certain other payment, such as an atomic swap or an LN payment commitment.

If such an attack was performed across the whole network, it might be able to prevent certain transactions from reaching miners, possibly breaking the security of protocols that rely on timely confirmation (e.g. LN payment channels). That is the motivation driving why Binance payment is liked. Above, we compare a few of the top exchanges, and see that Binance leads the way with an average trade intensity of 14 since 2018. Again, that means each Bitcoin deposited at Binance in that time period is traded an average of 14 times on Binance’s order book. But it does have two downsides: the increase in privacy also destroys provable accountability-there’s no way to know which particular authorized signers were part of the subset that created a signature-and the multi-step protocol requires especially careful management of secret nonces to avoid accidentally revealing private keys. If the first peer hadn’t sent the transaction within two minutes, your node would then request the transaction from the second peer who announced it, again waiting two minutes before requesting it from the next peer. With this PR, your node will only immediately request the transaction from the first peer that announced it if your node initially chose to open a connection to that peer (i.e. an outbound peer).